NCERT Chemistry Book PDF In Hindi For 11th & 12th Class / 11th chemistry NCERT / 11th chemistry notes / 11th notes

 

    NCERT Chemistry Book PDF In Hindi For 11th & 12th Class   

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Access class 11 physics Chapter 1- Physical World Notes

Science and its origin:

Science can be defined as a systematic understanding of natural phenomena in a very detailed manner so that we can predict, control and modify it. Science is all about experimenting and exploring speculating phenomena occurring around us.

• The term Science has been originated from a Latin verb Scientia which means ‘to know’.

• Scientific method can be called as a method to acquire knowledge in a systematic and in-depth way. It is having:

• Systematic observations

• Controlled experiments

• Qualitative and Quantitative reasoning

• Mathematical modelling

• Prediction and verification (or falsification) of theories

• Speculation or Prediction

• Science will be not having any final theory. The observations which are made using improved, accurate tools will be creating improved knowledge and perspective. Tycho Brahe’s research on planetary motion has been used by Johannes Kepler for improving Nicolas Copernicus theory.

• Quantum mechanics was developed in order to deal with atomic and nuclear phenomena. Work of Ernest Rutherford on nuclear model of atom made the basis of quantum theory suggested by Niels Bohr. The discovery of antielectron (positron) was led by the Antiparticle theory of Paul Dirac by Carl Anderson.

Natural Sciences:

Natural science can be considered as a branch of science which is discussing about the description, prediction, and understanding of the natural phenomena which is on the basis of an observational and empirical evidence. It will be included of the disciplines mentioned below:

• Physics

• Chemistry

• Biology

Physics:

Physics can be defined as a study of the basic laws of nature and their usage in various natural phenomena. Physics can be called the study of the physical world and matter and its movement through space and time, along with connected concepts like energy and force.

• Word Physics has been originated from a Greek word phusikḗ which means nature.

• There are two principal kinds of approaches in Physics which are listed below:

1. Unification: This is a method including all of the phenomena in the world in the form of a group of universal laws in various domains and conditions. The law of gravitation will be applied both on a falling apple from a tree and the movement of planets around the sun can be considered as examples. Every electric and magnetic phenomenon will be controlled by Electromagnetism laws.

2. Reduction is a method for deriving characteristics of complex systems from the properties and interaction of its constituent parts. We can take an example that the temperature studied under thermodynamics can be also connected to the average kinetic energy of molecules in a system (kinetic theory).

Effect and uses of Physics:

• We can describe a phenomena occurring over a bigger magnitude using a simple theory.

• We can use the experiments and observations for developing new theories in the case of unidentified phenomena and make improvement for old theories in the existing phenomena.

• We can develop devices by the use of physics laws.

Scope of Physics:

Scope of Physics will be wide since it covers quantities with length magnitude as big as 1040m and more than that (astronomical studies of universe) and as low as 10-14m or less (study of the electrons, protons etc). In the same way, the time scale is ranging from 10-22s to 1018s and mass is ranging from 10-30kg to 1055kg.

Physics can be categorised broadly into two kinds on the basis of its scope - Classical Physics and Modern Physics. Classical physics is a branch which is dealing with macroscopic phenomena while modern physics will be dealing with microscopic phenomena.

Macroscopic Domain:

The macroscopic domain is having phenomena’s involved at large scales such as laboratory, terrestrial and astronomical.  It will be including subjects listed below:

1. Mechanics – This is a branch on the basis of Newton’s laws on motion and gravitational laws. It will be related to the motion/equilibrium of particles, rigid and deformable bodies and the general system of particles.

Examples are listed below:

a. Propulsion of rocket using the ejecting gases

b. Water or Sound waves

c. Under a load, a bent rod is in equilibrium.

2. Electrodynamics is a branch which is involved with electric and magnetic phenomena related with charged and magnetic bodies. Here are some examples for it:

a. Movement of a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field

b. The response of a circuit to an ac voltage (signal)

c. The generation of radio waves in the ionosphere

3. Optics – This branch is discussing about the natural processes involving light. The examples will be,

a. Reflection and refraction of light

b. Dispersion of light through a prism

c. Colour shown by thin films

4. Thermodynamics is a branch with systems in macroscopic equilibrium and varies in internal energy, temperature, entropy and so on , of systems under the application of the external force or heat. Examples are,

a. The efficiency of heat engines

b. Direction of physical and chemical process

Microscopic Domain

The microscopic domain will be processed at small scales such as atomic, molecular and nuclear. It will be discussing the interaction of probes such as electrons, photons and other elementary particles. Quantum theory has been made to discuss these phenomena.

There are some reasons for the improvement of Physics

• Qualitative analysis along with quantitative analysis.

• Universal laws are applicable in various contexts.

• Approximation approach (complex phenomena broken down into a collection of basic laws).

• Extracting and focusing on necessary characteristics of a phenomenon.

Hypothesis, Axiom and Models:

a) Hypothesis can be defined as an act of supposing without assuming that it is correct. It cannot be proven although can be verified by the use of a series of experiments.

b) Axiom will be a self-evident truth that it is acceptable by not having any question or controversy.

c) Model can be defined as a theory put forward for describing the observed phenomena.

d) Assumption can be defined as the basis of physics. Using this, a huge number of phenomena are being explained. These assumptions are created from experiments, observation and a huge number of statistical data.

Technological Applications of Physics:

There are numerous examples in which Physics and its concepts paved the way to inventions as mentioned below.

• The steam engine got invented during the industrial revolution in the eighteenth century.

• Development of wireless communication after the discovery of laws of electricity and magnetism.

• Neuron-induced fission of uranium, attempted by Hahn and Meitner in 1938, showed to the formation of nuclear power reactors and nuclear weapons.

• Electricity has been produced from solar, wind, geothermal etc. energy.

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